Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a hormonal disorder that affects millions of women around the world. It can show up in different ways, like irregular periods, extra hair growth, or even pesky acne. While doctors aren’t exactly sure what causes it, the condition seems to be linked to hormone imbalances, especially with insulin and testosterone.
In this blog, we’re going to dive into what PCOS really is, its causes and symptoms, and how it’s diagnosed. Let’s get into it!
What is PCOS?
PCOS is a condition where your ovaries produce too many hormones, especially a type called androgens. This hormonal imbalance can mess with your menstrual cycle, leading to irregular periods, missed periods, and unpredictable ovulation. Sometimes, small fluid-filled sacs called follicle cysts can form on your ovaries because they aren’t releasing eggs regularly. But don’t worry—despite the name, you don’t actually need to have cysts on your ovaries to have PCOS, and if you do have them, they’re not harmful or painful.
PCOS Symptoms And Causes
What Are The Symptoms Of PCOS?
- Irregular periods: Your periods might be all over the place—you could skip them entirely or have really heavy ones.
- Abnormal hair growth: You might notice more hair growing on your face, arms, chest, and stomach. This happens to up to 70% of people with PCOS.
- Acne: PCOS can lead to breakouts, especially on your face, chest, and back. This acne can be stubborn and last beyond your teen years.
- Obesity: Many people with PCOS struggle with maintaining a healthy weight, with 40% to 80% experiencing obesity.
- Darkening of the skin: You might see darker patches of skin, especially in areas like your neck, armpits, groin, and under your breasts. This is called acanthosis nigricans.
- Cysts: Some people with PCOS have larger ovaries or small, fluid-filled sacs (follicles) on their ovaries, which can show up on an ultrasound.
- Infertility: PCOS is a common cause of infertility because it can prevent regular ovulation, making it harder to conceive.
What Is The Root Cause Of PCOS?
The exact cause of PCOS isn’t fully understood yet, but genetics, higher androgen levels, insulin resistance, and inflammation seem to play a big role.
- Higher male hormones (androgens): High levels of androgens can stop your ovaries from releasing eggs, leading to irregular periods. They can also cause small fluid-filled sacs on your ovaries, acne, and extra hair growth.
- Low-grade inflammation: Many people with PCOS have a constant, mild inflammation in their bodies. Your doctor can check for this with blood tests that measure things like C-reactive protein (CRP) and white blood cells.
- Heredity: PCOS often runs in families, so if your relatives have it, you might be more likely to develop it too.
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Insulin resistance: If your body doesn’t process insulin properly, it can lead to higher insulin levels, which then cause your ovaries to produce more androgens. This can mess with ovulation and lead to other PCOS symptoms. Insulin resistance can also raise your blood sugar levels and might lead to diabetes, especially if you’re overweight.
Let’s dive a little deeper to understand the relationship between insulin resistance and PCOS.
What Are The Symptoms Of Insulin Resistance In PCOS?
Often, women with insulin resistance don’t show any obvious symptoms. It’s usually spotted by a doctor during a routine check-up or blood test. However, there are some signs that your doctor might look for:
- Waistline: A waist measurement over 35 inches.
- Skin changes: Skin tags or dark, velvety patches of skin (acanthosis nigricans).
- Blood pressure: A reading of 130/80 or higher.
- Blood sugar: A fasting glucose level of 100 mg/dL or more, or a blood sugar level of 140 mg/dL or higher two hours after a glucose load test.
- A1C level: Between 5.7% and 6.3%.
- Triglycerides: A fasting level over 150 mg/dL.
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HDL cholesterol: Less than 50 mg/dL.
How To Manage Insulin Resistance In PCOS?
When it comes to managing PCOS, making changes to your lifestyle can make a big difference. Things like what you eat and how active you are can help improve how your body handles insulin.
Eating a balanced diet with plenty of whole foods and staying active through regular exercise aren’t just good habits—they’re powerful tools that can help you manage PCOS more effectively.
PCOS Diagnosis
Doctors usually diagnose PCOS if you have at least two of these three signs:
- High levels of male hormones (androgens)
- Irregular menstrual cycles
- Cysts on your ovaries
Your doctor might also ask about other symptoms like acne, increased hair growth on your face and body, and weight gain.
To get a closer look, a pelvic exam might be done, where the doctor checks your ovaries and uterus for any issues. Blood tests are also common—they check for high levels of male hormones and might also assess your cholesterol, insulin, and triglyceride levels to see if there’s a risk of heart disease or diabetes.
An ultrasound might be used as well, using sound waves to look at your ovaries and uterus, checking for any unusual follicles or other concerns.
What Are The Long-Term PCOS Health Risks Or Complications?
As per studies, PCOS is known to increase your risk for a few health issues, like:
- Diabetes
- High blood pressure
- Heart disease
- Endometrial cancer
- Sleep disorders, like sleep apnea
- Depression and anxiety
It’s important to chat with your healthcare provider to understand how these risks apply to you and what steps you can take to stay healthy.
The Bottom Line
Living with PCOS can be challenging, but understanding the condition and taking proactive steps can make a world of difference. Whether it’s through lifestyle changes, medications, or a combination of both, managing PCOS is possible. Remember, every woman’s experience with PCOS is unique, so finding what works best for you is key.
It's important to stay informed and work closely with your healthcare provider to tailor a plan that addresses your specific needs. From improving insulin sensitivity to managing symptoms like irregular periods and unwanted hair growth, the right approach can help you lead a healthier and more fulfilling life.
